The Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy People With Substance Abuse Problems Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy evolved from two therapeutic disciplines namely Behaviour Therapy and Cognitive Therapy (Shinebourne lecture, 2010). Behaviour Therapy was strongly influenced by the behaviourist movement in Psychology, particularly the Classical Conditioning theories of Pavlov and the Learning Theories by Thorndike and Skinner. Behaviourism was developed as a reaction against the prevailing Freudian psychoanalysis which focused on the workings of the mind, inclusive of the conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious and the concepts of id, ego and superego. It also put much emphasis on childhood experiences. It explains that most of the adult personality, coping and defence mechanisms are results of experiences that brought about strong emotions during childhood (Freudian lecture, 2010). However, behaviourism questioned Freud s Psychoanalysis scientific basis and lack of empirical evidence. Also, behaviour therapy did not consider mental processes such as thoughts, belief s, interpretations, imagery, etc. It was realized that behaviour and emotions are also strongly influenced by cognitions such as the thoughts, beliefs and interpretations that people make (Shinebourne lecture, 2010). Hence, the fusion of behaviourist and cognitive principles became Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. Aaron Beck claims that much of our psychological problems are caused by cognitive distortions due to our acknowledged human fallibility. We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: People With Substance Abuse Problems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Aaron Beck claims that much of our psychological problems are caused by cognitive distortions due to our acknowledged human fallibility. In depressed people, these belief systems, or assumptions, develop from negative early experiences such as the loss of a parent, rejection from peers, an unrelenting succession of tragedies, criticism from teachers, parents or peers, or even the depressed behaviour of a parent. These negative experiences lead to the development of dysfunctional beliefs about the world, which are triggered by critical incidents in the future. (Field, 2000). Beck (1987) came up with the concept of negative cognitive triad that describes the pattern that triggers depression. In the first component of the triad, the client exhibits a negative view of himself.

Mineral Photo Gallery and Chemical Composition

Bodybuilding Subculture The Bodybuilding Culture

Marisa McGinnis Bodybuilding Subculture 1. Which group did you choose? Why did you pick that group? The group I chose was the bodybuilding culture. I chose that group because some of my family were bodybuilders when they were young, and also because it is an interesting topic to me. As a member of the throws squad in the UC Irvine Track and Field program, we do a lot of lifting and we stay conscious of what we eat. From what I’ve seen in bodybuilding it take that to a larger scale. 2. What is the dominant identity of the group? The dominant identity of the group would be males who are interested in becoming bigger and stronger, past the point of normal human standards. Although there are women who are bodybuilders, and they have their own Miss Universe and Ms. Olympia for bodybuilding, it is still a male dominated sport (EDinformatics). 3. What is the group’s relationship to the larger society? The group is easily identifiable in larger society. The very nature of bodybuilding is to stand out from everyone else (Sinicki). That being said, bodybuilders are generally accepted in society, aside from a few strange looks and comments; unless steroids or other banned drugs are used (which increase aggression) they fit peacefully into society (Sinicki). 4. Give a brief history of the group. The first start of bodybuilding is seen in 11th century India. They had very basic dumbbells and barbells and used them to exercise and become more physically appealing, and by theShow MoreRelatedDeviance Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pageshealthy lifestyle is exercise. Working out helps control body fat and can prevent certain health conditions and diseases. As people are captivated by the goal of having a healthy and muscular body, this obsession can lead to the deviant behavior of bodybuilding. A deviant behavior is an act that departs from the usual or accepted social standards. Questions that many ask are, â€Å"Why do bodybuilders want to have a body that is so abnormal? As well as, why do they exercise so often?† Bodybuilders workoutRead MoreA Bodybuilding Subculture Essay2078 Words   |  9 PagesEng. 1400 Dr. DuBose The History and Evolution of a Huge Subculture Many subcultures have derived since the beginning of time. They could be classified through religion, culture, style, outlook on life and many other aspects. The one subculture that has grown tremendously through out time is a very hard one to notice as a subculture opposed to a sport. Its said that bodybuilding started way back in the times of great philosophers like Plato who believed that a man should strive for aRead MoreBodybuilding : The Qualities Of Bodybuilding, Backgrounds, And Their Underlying Attitude Toward The Sport1387 Words   |  6 PagesBy using ruthless advance study methods, I was able to ask direct questions about the characteristics of bodybuilding, backgrounds, and their underlying attitude toward the sport (Roberts and Zweig). Bodybuilding is not only about eating high-calorie meals, lifting, and strength. It is about motivation, hard work, and perseverance. Bodybuilding is about delivering that message to number of different audiences at different tim es and in different places (Beebe). We as humans send and receive messagesRead MoreFactors in Choosing Leisure Activities2041 Words   |  8 PagesLeisure activities are done by the individual because of set of group of sociocultural factors, which in my case, I divided them into personal factors, which are factors that are closely related to specific individual in the society, like goals, subculture, individual’s situations in that moment, and institutional role of the individual in that moment, age, sex, and gender of the individual; social capital factors, like living in a capitalism society, individualism, and sociability; and social class

Poetry in the Romantic Era Essay Example For Students

Poetry in the Romantic Era Essay Blake was said to see animals as symbols of Gods kindness (lamb) and in this case, Gods evil (tiger). He is exploring the question of the goodness of God. Is he all good and pure or Is he more similar to humans and has both sides to him, good and bad. The entire poem uses such delicate and mysterious language. The poem Is soaked in ambiance and spirituality which I find to be rare in other poems Ive read from the text book. The next three stanzas focus on where God came from in distant deeps or skies and like the stricture this allows you to paint in your head. Another verse in the next three stanzas that I like is In what furnace was thy brain? asking the question is god physical. My favorite two lines of the poem are When the stars threw down their spears, and watered haven with their tears because of the glorious visual It paints for you of the creation of our world through Flakes eyes. The poem concludes with a reference question to lamb (good) and tiger (evil) and if God has crafted both of these animals. The last stanza is the same stanza it begins with, depicting the beauty and danger of the Tiger. Brahmas is much more indirect about questioning the origins of man. You would need to understand the Hindu culture on some level before being able to understand what he Is trying to convey. Shadow and sunlight are the same Is a comparison that means that Brahmas (himself) is everywhere in both the light and the dark. Or two contrasting forces, brahmas exists there. l am the doubter and the doubt is one of my favorite lines in this poem be cause it continues that contradicting theme that is reign to Western beliefs. T The poem explores God but on a different level and it also explores the God that is placed In every one of us. The poem concludes with Its most poetic statement Find me, and turn thy back on heaven which I do not know exactly how to Interpret, but I love what I think it means and how it sounds when you read it. In some ways I see that as meaning find me and you will find what you wanted to find in your idea of heaven. Overall the poem is not as poetic but more like reading scripture. I like both styles. In Flakes poem his Western views come across dramatically. The belief in one referenced in Brahmas, The strong Gods one for my abode, and pine in vain the sacred Seven. The language and style of both poems is drastically different however. In Flakes poem there is a sense of familiarity in the way he has tried to make it beautiful and pleasing to read. In Emerson poem it seems less for the reader and more for the purpose of writing a poem about sacred things. Both of them are intended to indulge into the most mysterious subject of literature, God.

Baccio Della Porta Essays - Renaissance Art, Fra Bartolomeo

Baccio Della Porta Even the average person with little or no background in art may have heard the names Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, or Raphael. Not only because they are the most famous and noteworthy painters, sculptors, draughtsmen, designers, and inventors of the high renaissance, but also because of the countless stories and movies, fact and fiction which included these men and at least mentioned their importance, relevance, and influences on today'7s world. Many children have grown up already knowing these names, and perhaps that they were artists however simplistic that may be, after the explosion of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in the late eighties. Perhaps there is one high renaissance artist who does not always recieve due credit, but who was influencial just the same. One such artist was Baccio della Porta, a Florentine renaissance painter. Baccio della Porta was born in Florence, Italy in 1472. As historians know, most artists went into apprenticeship at about the age of eleven or twelve at this time in Florence. Taking this into account, it is assumed that Baccio did become an apprentice of Cosimo Rosselli at that age since he was well known in his workshop by 1485. 1 Baccio della Porta's master or teacher, Cosimo Rosselli, had probably just returned from his work in Rome in the Sistine Chapel. It is also known that the average length of time for an artist's apprenticeship was about six to eight years, putting Baccio on his own around 1490. 2 According to many modern art historians, Vasari is the most reliable source of information on the life and works of Fra Bartolommeo after he entered the Dominican Order and became a brother.3 Baccio della Porta and a pier of his, as well as a fellow student of the arts, Mariotto Albertinelli became intimate friends during their apprenticeships. Following their apprenticeship the two decided to work proffesionally together at the home of Baccio della Porta. They made this decision to work together in 1491, but their partnership and friendship apparently ended when they went their own ways in styles and choices of schools to follow and associate with4. Baccio della Porta joined the followers of Savonarolas, Mariotto associated with the Medici followers, specifically working for the patron Alfonsina Orsini who was the wife of Piero de ' Medici. After Savonarolas was burned during the violent riots of the arrabiati. Chris Fischer writes that there must have been countless works executed between Mariotti Albertinelli and Baccio della Porta during this period of upheaval when Savonarolas was murdered because he was thought to be a heretic.5 However, because of this violent period, few of these works can be acredited to one painter or another. The obvious and evident recognizable influences by master artists were reflected in many works, which helped to narrow some works down to the style of the Cosimo Rosselli school. As Baccio della Porta began to develop his own style which was naturally to give purpose, meaning, and religious order, he then made a permanent and important step in his life.6 Baccio della Porta was deeply moved after witnessing the preaching of Savonarola and decided to join the Dominican Brotherhood around 1500.7 Once Baccio della Porta had withdrawn into the convent he retired from painting for some time. This difficult decision must have built character, something which is a definite plus in the life of an aspiring artist. After joining the convent Baccio's name changed to Fra Bartolommeo as he is known today. His style showed a truth and need to preach of religion and righteousness. Although Fra Bartolommeo's purpose reflected in his works was noble and honest, he was not exactly a revolutionary with much to say. His figure-style, composition, symbolism, rhythm, mastering of chiaroscuro, his beautiful handling of flowing draperies, and his simplicity all reflect his goal of ridding the world of vanity.8 Before discussing Bartolommeo's works and style in depth, one must first give a general sense of his styles and why he adopted them and evolved the way he did. For the most part this general introduction to Bartolommeo's style has been provided in the previous pages. Fra Bartolommeo always had a sense for the grandiose and largescale figures and settings. To the untrained eye or even at first glance

Research Paper on Epidemiology of HIV

Research Paper on Epidemiology of HIV Research Paper on  Epidemiology of HIV: Epidemiology can be said to be a key factor of science to public health. HIV is an epidemic and a concern to the public health since it emerged back in the early 1980s. Since it emerged, there has been numerous research and development about the HIV both in the developed and, underdeveloped countries. HIV may be caused by a virus and its effect may be felt throughout the world. HIV is a serious public health issue. Globally it is a significant cause of mortality regardless of age, gender or race. Though, there have been a number of developments on HIV there is no known cure or vaccine. People whom may be infected with HIV may be said to have (AIDS) the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. HIV might be mainly transmitted through sexual contact. Based on data that might have been collected from animals, we see that the HIV establishes itself into the body after a given period of 72 hours. The risk of contracting the virus is higher on the male person who has not been circumcised. The risk also increases when there might be repeated exposure to the virus (Howard Libman, Harvey J. Makadon, 2003). According to Paul E. Sax, Calvin J. Cohen, Daniel R. Kuritzkes (2010), they believe that, since the epidemic of the virus, there has been over 60 million infected people worldwide and a little over 2 million in the United States of America. The virus has resulted with over 20 million deaths worldwide and of the remaining over 40 million 95% of them may be living in the developing countries. According to statistics done we see that almost half of them maybe women and a little over 3 million might be children under the age of 15 years. Of the over 2 million living with the virus in the United States, at least half of them might have died due to complications brought by the virus. It is important to note that, of all the people infected by the HIV, in the end they will develop AIDS depending on their defensive mechanism and general health. The origin of the disease is still a mystery with some theories put in place. The epidemic has been enormous and, the first case might have been reported back in 1986 in Madras, India. In India, there are three groups, which get tested, for the disease. These are pregnant women who go for check ups, drug users and those who go for checkups in the special clinics for sexually transmitted diseases (Savitri Ramaiah, 2008). In the central Asian countries, the epidemic of HIV is still in its early stages. Though, there has been a numerous increase in the changes of those infected in the recent years. The virus infection among adults in the Central Asian countries may vary between 0.14 to 0.01%. There are NGOs in the area which are trying to educate and help people in both areas that may be highly affected and those that are not (Joana Godinho, 2004). In conclusion, I believe that HIV is a major public health issue and that people should put more effort to finding ways of arresting it. We see that, in the recent years, it may have caused a lot of deaths leading to a high-mortality rate globally.

Oedipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Oedipus the King - Essay Example Oedipus was originally the son of King Laius of Thebes and Queen Jocasta, but King Laius fearing that the prophecy (that he would be killed by his own son) would come true orders him to be killed. However, he survives and was cared by King Polybus of Corinth and his wife Merope, who raise him as their own. After hearing rumors that Polybus and Merope are not his biological parents, he asks Delphic Oracle, who sidestepping his question on parentage gives a different prophecy that Oedipus will kill his own father and marry his own mother. Thinking that Polybus and Merope are his real parents and fearing that the prophecy would come true, Oedipus leaves Corinth. On the way, he meets his real father King Laius, and a quarrel ensues between them, leading to Oedipus killing Lauis, thus fulfilling a part of the prophecy. Shortly after, he solves the Sphinx riddle and frees the kingdom of Thebes from the Sphinx’s curse. For that effort, he was made the king of Thebes and thus got marr ied to Jocasto, his biological mother. Although, the prophecy came true, Oedipus did not realize it or undergo epiphany until Thebes faced the threat of plague. To prevent the onslaught of plague, Oedipus needs to find Laius’ killers, although he is the actual killer. He looks to Teiresias, a blind seer, to help him find the king’s murderers. It is Teiresias who reveals the truth to him about the prophecy and his real parents and initiates the onset of epiphany. But, Oedipus does not accept it and even threatens Teiresias in the initial stages. When he got the confirmation of both these crimes that he killed his own father and has married his own mother, Oedipus undergoes full epiphany and goes into a state of shock. â€Å"I, Oedipus, damned in his birth, in his marriage damned, Damned in the blood he shed with his own hand† (Sophocles 123). He was fully repentant of his misdemeanors when he undergoes